Tag: Hamas

Civilian Protection in Gaza: Armed Actors, Urban Warfare, and Legal Constraints

When legal protections exist without consistent enforcement, civilian protection becomes conditional—and civilians bear the cost.”

When Armed Groups Govern: Civilian Protection and Policy Constraints in Lebanon, Gaza, and Yemen

Where armed groups function as governing authorities, civilian protection is shaped not only by conflict dynamics, but by the structure of power itself.”

Ceasefire Breakdown in Gaza: Renewed Israeli Strikes and the Limits of Humanitarian Access

The breakdown of ceasefire commitments in Gaza underscores how fragile agreements, restricted aid, and renewed strikes can rapidly escalate risks for civilians.”

UNRWA: Lifeline for Relief in Gaza—Humanitarian Access, Political Pressure, and the Risks of Aid Disruption in Active Conflict

Building of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.

UNRWA is not simply an aid provider—it is the backbone of humanitarian survival for millions of Palestinian refugees.”

Israel-Hamas Conflict: Civilian Protection and Legal Boundaries in Armed Conflict

Self-defense does not absolve any party—state or non-state—from compliance with international humanitarian law.”