Holding Assad Accountable

When accountability is delayed, the risk is not only injustice for victims—but the normalization of atrocity crimes in future conflicts.”

Collective Punishment as a War Crime—Legal Prohibition and Contemporary Application in Gaza

Collective punishment targets populations, not perpetrators, and in doing so violates a core principle of international humanitarian law.”

Genocide and War Crimes – Legal Distinctions, Evidentiary Standards, and Accountability in Conflict

All genocide is an atrocity crime, but not all atrocity crimes meet the legal threshold of genocide.”

Bashar al-Assad’s Syria: State Violence, Protracted Conflict, and the Limits of Resolution

What began as a domestic uprising evolved into a protracted conflict sustained by external support, fragmented opposition, and limited diplomatic leverage.”

Protection of Civilians: International Humanitarian Law and the Limits of Protection in Modern Conflict

The protection of civilians is not a conceptual ideal—it is a legal obligation repeatedly tested, and too often undermined, in modern conflict.”